农业生物多样性与中国农业的可持续发展(下)

[摘 要]中国农业发展自古以来就一直面临着耕地不足、地力下降、劳动力不足、天灾人祸等诸多挑战。通过“杂种”，保持农业生物的多样性，是精耕细作等举措之外中国传统农业应对各种不利因素、发展生产所采取的重要措施之一。它不仅成功地扩大了农地面积，提高了土地利用率，维持了土地的永续利用，而且对于自然灾害的控制和劳动力的调节也助了一臂之力。虽然在历史进程中，也存在单一栽培的趋势，但并没有引发严重的问题。近代以后，特别是最近三四十年来，随着人口的快速增长和迅速发展的工业化和全球化，农业生物多样性在市场经济的作用之下，日益为单一栽培和规模经营所取代，其中一个突出的表现就是粮食在增产的同时出现了结构性的短缺。而单一栽培所导致的农民负担加重、土地退化、环境破坏等问题，使农业的基础变得更加脆弱。展望未来农业的发展，或许可以从历史上农业生物多样性中得到一些有益的启示，这就是以农业生物多样性来满足人口的需要，维护人类健康，应对自然灾害，提高资源的利用率，实行因土种植、因需种植，为农业的可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。为此，在保护传统生物资源的同时，我们要积极引进外来物种，丰富生物多样性。

[关键词]中国农业；生物多样性；可持续发展

[中图分类号]F124.5；F303.4；S181 [文献标识码]A [中图分类号]1674-6848（2011）06-0090-11

[作者简介]曾雄生（1962—），男，江西新干人，中国科学院自然科学史研究所研究员、博士生导师，主要从事中国农业史和农业文化的研究。（北京 100190）

Title: Agro-biodiversity and Sustainable Development of China’s Agriculture

Author: Zeng Xiongsheng

Abstract: China’s agriculture has met many great challenges such as shortage of arable land, soil fertility decline, labor shortage, and many other natural and man-made disasters since ancient times. Apart from intensive cultivation, polyculture is one of the important ways to maintain agro-biodiversity and cope with various adverse factors to develop the agriculture in traditional China, which not only succeeded in expanding total area of farming land, improved land utilization and kept sustainable use of land, but it was also helpful for the control of natural disasters and regulation of the labor forces. Even if there had been some extent of a monoculture trend in history of China, it did not lead to serious problems. Only in the modern time, especially in the past three or four decades, with rapid population growth and rapid development of industrialization and globalization, polyculture has been replaced increasingly by monoculture under the pressure of the market economy. As a result, there is a structural shortage while the total output of grain production increases. The monoculture has increased the burden on farmers, and deteriorated soil and damaged environment have threatened the people’s health, and hence the foundation of today’s agriculture has become more vulnerable. To look ahead to the future of agriculture, the history of agro-biodiversity may give us some useful inspirations. The agro-biodiversity can be used to meet the needs of the population, maintain the human health, deal with natural disasters, improve the utilization of natural resources, perform cultivations with accordance of soil nature and human demands, and lay a solid foundation for sustainable agriculture. To this end, it is necessary for us to protect agro-biological resources, and at the same time, we also need to actively introduce alien species to eich biodiversity.

Key words: China’s agriculture; biodiversity; sustainable development

三、传统农业对生物多样性的维护

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和持续发展的物质基础。人类最初便是通过采集和狩猎各种生物资源来维持生存的。农业发展之后，采集狩猎并没有完全消失，它仍然是一种利用自然资源的重要手段。明代朱橚在《救荒本草》一书中就记载了414种可以食用充饥的野生植物。野生动植物一直是传统农业社会中食物的重要来源之一。利用和保护野生动植物是中国传统农业保持生物多样性的一个重要方面，它克服了人类对于某些动植物资源的过分依赖所导致的加速消失或畸形发展。

一粥一饭，当思来之不易；半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。对于生物资源的珍惜，使古人总是将各种资源用到极致以减少浪费，即便是微如草芥、贱同粪土，也把它当做一种资源来加以利用。在今人看来，杂草之所以为杂草，是因为无用胜过有用，但在古人看来，有用无用并不可以绝然分开，“寸有所长”，“小道也有可观”，经过一定的处理，杂草“可以粪田畴，可以美土强”。古人还有“惜粪如惜金”之说。草粪是中国传统农业最主要的肥源之一，杂草也是养殖业主要的饲料来源之一，至今仍然有“猪吃百样草，看你找不找”的农谚。牛粪不仅是肥料的重要来源，也是重要的燃料之一。