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黄河北煤田薄煤层采场上覆岩层纵向分带发育规律

作者: 浏览数: 关键词: 岩层 煤层 煤田 河北 纵向


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摘 要:针对黄河北煤田赵官煤矿大水高瓦斯厚冲积层薄基岩复杂开采条件,本文通过理论分析、数值模拟方法对赵官煤矿综采工作面采场上覆岩层纵向分带发育规律和其结构形态进行了研究,得到了采场上覆岩层纵向运动破坏规律及其结构形态,即在采动应力作用下,采场上覆岩层开始呈现较平的“枕型”结构形态,随着采场支承压力不断增加,采动破坏岩层逐渐演化为“拱型”结构形态,当工作面推采距离达到工作面长度时,采场上覆破坏岩层在工作面纵向上扩展到最高处,此后随着工作面的不断推进,断裂拱高保持不变,而拱脚不断向前方扩展,呈现出“平顶拱型”结构形态;同时通过理论计算和现场实测对比分析,得到了采场上覆岩层冒落带、裂隙带分布范围,即冒落带高度为2.4 m,裂隙带为19.1 m,裂采比为15.3,为矿井采场顶板控制、支架选型和瓦斯抽采参数确定提供了科学依据,对实现薄煤层综采安全高产高效的具有意义。

关键词:采场结构;薄煤层;岩层运动;采动裂隙带;上覆岩层

中图分类号:TD 32            文献标志码:A

文章编号:1672-9315(2019)05-0790-08

Abstract:Based on the complex mining conditions of thick alluvial bed and thin bedrock with high water and high gas in Zhaoguan mine of Huanghebei coal field,the vertical zonation development law and its structure form of overlying strata in fully mechanized mining face of Zhaoguan coal mine are studied by the ways of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the failure rules and structural forms of overlying strata in stope are obtained.That is,under the action of mining stress,the overlying strata in the stope begins to show relatively flat “pillow” shape at the beginning; with the increase of stope abutment pressure,mining-induced failure strata is gradually evolved into an “arch” structure; when the pushing distance of the working face reaches the length of the working face,the overlying failure strata extends to the highest height lengthwise.Since then,as the working face continues to advances,the fracture arch height remains the same,while the arch foot continues to extend forward,and the “flat-top arch” structure is showed.At the same time,theoretical calculation and field measurement are compared and analyzed to obtain the distribution range of overlying strata caving zone and fracture zone.That is,the height of the caving zone is 2.4 m,and the fracture zone is 19.1 m,The ratio between the height of the fracture zone and the height of mining is 15.3.Thus scientific basis is provided for roof control,support selection and gas extraction parameters determination,which is significant in realizing the safety,high yield and high efficiency in fully mechanized mining of thin coal seam.

Key words:stope structure; thin seam;stratum movement;mining fissure zone; overburden rock

0 引 言

煤礦井下煤岩体一经采动,在采动应力作用下,采动影响范围内煤岩层产生运动、损伤和破坏,岩层将由下而上发生垮落、断裂、离层、弯曲下沉等运动现象,呈现分带发育特征,进而形成采场上覆岩层纵向分布的“三带”[1,2],即冒落带、裂隙带及弯曲下沉带,其中“三带”岩层的分布范围及其运动破坏规律,是矿井确定合理开采边界、开采程序和采掘布局的基础,也是矿井安全灾害防治的关键。

近年来,山东科技大学宋振骐院士团队在以岩层运动为中心的实用矿山压力理论基础上,研究了采场上覆岩层运动破坏规律及其结构形态,建立了采场结构力学模型,确定了各岩层分布范围及其应力场分布,为采场顶板控制、冲击地压、突水等动力灾害预测及防治提供了依据[1-2]。钱鸣高院士创立了“砌体梁”和关键层理论分析了上覆岩层破断及岩块咬合运动失稳的运动规律和判断准则,广泛应用于煤矿瓦斯抽采、覆岩离层和控制地表沉陷等方面[3-4];蒋金泉教授以新汶矿区孙村煤矿为工程背景,深入分析了采动覆岩运动规律及裂隙岩层分带特征并进行了详细划分,建立了上行卸压开采效果和可行程度评价方法[5];尹增德教授利用弹塑性力学和矿山压力控制理论研究了覆岩破坏影响因素、覆岩破坏分带及形态特征[6];高延法、张庆松等从“三下一上”特殊开采系统控制角度出发从岩层运动及岩层运动破坏完成后形成结构提出了岩移“四带”、“五带”模型,都是对传统“三带”模型中从不同研究角度进行了更细致划分[7]。采场上覆岩层破坏范围确定主要采用理论计算、数值模拟、现场实测等研究方法,其中两带高度实测主要包括井下钻孔注水测漏法[8]和微震等地球物理探测两大类[9-10]。

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