功能性训练概念辨析与理论架构的研究述评

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摘 要：近年来，功能性训练在运动康复、力量及体能训练等领域得到了广泛运用且效果显著，同时存在理论认知模糊与实践操作盲目等问题。综合研究表明：功能性训练的产生具有深刻的学术及社会背景，是基于人体运动链理论、动作模式概念及竞技能力构成模型的一种训练理念及方法体系；强调运动康复及健康观念，坚持训练方法与目标运动方式的一致性，树立训练整体观念，强调核心区域力量的价值，重视运动过程中多方位多关节的联动作用等特征；基本内容涵盖功能动作筛查、物理治疗、功能动作训练；与传统训练理论是优势互补的辩证关系，针对运动员的竞技状态水平、训练时段要求、运动项目特征合理安排两者主次关系。中国体能训练理论体系需要挖掘民族传统体育，总结奥运竞技优势项目经验，选择性引进与吸收欧美新兴体能训练方法及理论。

关 键 词：竞赛与训练；功能性训练；述评

中图分类号：G808.12 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2015）04-0125-07

An analysis of the concept of functional training and a review of

researches on its theoretical framework

JIANG Hong-bin

（Department of Physical Education，Anyang Institute of Technology，Anyang 455000，China）

Abstract： In recent years， functional training has been extensively applied in areas such as sports rehabilitation， strength and endurance training etc， and achieved a significant effect； in the mean time， there are problems such ambiguous theory cognition and blind practical operation etc. The author revealed the following findings： the production of functional is provided with profound academic and social backgrounds； functional training is a training conception and method system based on human movement chain theory， movement pattern concept and competitive ability composition model； it is provided with such characteristics as emphasizing sports rehabilitation and health conception， sticking to the consistency of training methods and the targeted way of movement， establishing training holism conception， emphasizing the value of strength in core areas， valuing the united function of multiple joints in multiple directions during movement etc； its basic contents cover functional movement screening， physical therapy， functional movement training； its relationship with traditional training theories is the dialectical relationship of mutual advantage supplementation， and the primary and secondary relation of the two types of training should be rationally arranged according to athlete competition conditions， training period requirements and sports event characteristics. The endurance training theory system in China should work more on traditional national sports， summarize experiences in advantageous Olympic competitive events， and selectively introduce and absorb endurance training methods and theories emerging in European and American countries.

Key words： competition and training；functional training；review

功能性训练（functional training）起源于20世纪末期的物理治疗及运动康复领域[1]，目前在大众健身、运动康复训练、力量及体能训练领域得到了广泛的应用。我国在备战2012年伦敦奥运会期间引进了功能性训练，其中与美国运动员功能性研究所（Athletes’ Performance Institute，AP）的学术交流工作，显著改善了奥运级别运动员体能训练及竞技水平，掀起了国内继悬吊与核心训练之后的新一轮体能训练的高潮——功能性训练。当前国内功能性训练领域存在学术研究滞后，与训练实践盲目的问题，概念原理歧义与理论认知模糊等现象。本文以功能性训练发生发展的社会及科学背景为研究出发点，通过对功能性训练领域不同训练机构创建人及学者持有训练理念与方法进行梳理，即客观表述功能性训练的概念、探究其运行的生理机制，揭示其固有的本质特征，比较其与传统训练模式差别，力求对当下功能性训练的理论与实践框架予以清晰明理的述评。期望在弥补功能性训练学术领域研究的不足的同时，科学合理地指导运动训练实践，加快建构本土化体能训练的理论框架与话语系统，迅速提高中国整体竞技体育水平及成绩。